Life of Samuel Adams Chronology
1722 - Samuel Adams is born, in Boston.
1736 - He enters Harvard College.
1740 - He is graduated.
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| Harvard was named after its first benefactor, John Harvard. Established in 1626, the college primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Harvard's secular curriculum and students emerged in the 18th century and by the 19th century had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites. Today, Harvard's alumni, history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world. |
1740 – 43 - He studies law, enters a counting-house, and
finally be comes his father's partner. His father is embarrassed by the dissolution
of the Land Bank;
1743 - He takes his Master's degree, delivering a thesis on
resistance to the power of the supreme magistrate
1746 - His father is
elected a Representative of Boston . Adams and a few friends form a political
club.
1748 - The club publish "The
Public Advertiser."
1748, March - His father dies, and he succeeds to his business, brewing.
1749, October 17 - He marries Elizabeth Checkley.
1750 - He becomes a frequent writer in the newspapers in
defense of Colonial rights
1757, July 25. - His wife dies, leaving two children.
1758 - He resists a sheriff's attachment on the family
estate, arising from the unsettled affairs of the Land Bank.
 |
| Sir Francis Bernard, colonial governor of Massachusetts Bay and New Jersey. His policies and tactics in the governance of Massachusetts were instrumental in the building of broad-based opposition within the province to the rule of Parliament in the early years of the American Revolution. - |
1760 - Francis Bernard succeeds Thomas Pownall as Governor.
1763 - Adams is tax-collector, and has much trouble on
account of the inability of many to pay their taxes.
1764
1764 - He liberates a slave who had been given to Mrs. Adams.
May 24, 1764 - He drafts the Boston instructions protesting
against Parliamentary taxation.
June 14, 1764 - He brings about the first union of the
Colonies to oppose the measures of Parliament.
October 1764 - Address to Parliament for the repeal of the
Sugar Act, perhaps written by Adams
December 6, 1764 - Adams marries his second wife, Elizabeth Wells.
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| King George III and Parliament's Stamp Act of 1765 |
March, 1765 - The Stamp Act passed, despite the eloquence of
Barre and others.
August - Riot in Boston on account of the Act. Sons of Liberty
are born.
September 18, 1765 - Adams again drafts the Boston instructions.
September 27, 1765 - He enters the Massachusetts
Legislature, which is immediately prorogued.
October 7 – 25, 1765 - Colonial Congress at New York.
October 24, 1765 - The Legislature reassembles and Adams
replies to the Governor's opening address of September 25th.
October 29, 1765 - He writes the Massachusetts Resolves on
the rights and privileges of the Province.
October & November 1765 - Opposition to the Stamp Act;
also to the additional guard at Castle William,
on which Adams writes a November 6th report.
on which Adams writes a November 6th report.
November 7, 1765 - Adams instructs the Massachusetts agent
in London.
November 8, 1765 - The Legislature is prorogued.
Nov., Dec, 1765 - The Province distressed by the effects of
the Stamp Act 82 - 85
December 21, 1765 - Adams writes instructions to Deberdt.
1765-66 - He is still harassed on account of the uncollected
taxes, but is finally discharged from all liability by a vote of the Town.
 |
| The 1765 Stamp Act created a direct tax of one penny per sheet on newspapers. The act also required that the newspapers be printed on stamped paper purchased from government agents. The Board of Stamps prepared two hundred copper dies and eight plates of the one-penny stamps. The design consists of a mantle; St. Edward's Crown encircled by the Order of the Garter; and a scepter and sword. At top is the word AMERICA; at bottom the denomination ONE PENNY and the number of the individual die. Dark red proof impressions of the plates were made on thick laid paper before production of the stamped paper began. Only thirty-two copies of the original dark-red proof impressions made in 1765 have survived. Twenty-six of these are contained in this partial proof sheet owned by the British Library Philatelic Collections. Five more — three singles and a pair — are in private hands, and the one is in the Smithsonian National Postal Museum's permanent collection. |
1766
January& February 1766 - Debates in Parliament on the
repeal of the Stamp Act .
January 15, 1766 - The Massachusetts Legislature meets. Adams replies to the Governor's Speech of
November 8, 1765, answers a letter of Deberdt to the House, and acts on many committees, especially on that to consider the closing of the courts of justice.
November 8, 1765, answers a letter of Deberdt to the House, and acts on many committees, especially on that to consider the closing of the courts of justice.
February 24, 1766 - The Court adjourned.
March 24, 1766 - He replies for Boston to a letter of
sympathy from Plymouth.
May 6, 1766 - Adams re-elected Representative, and, on the
meeting of the General Court.
May 19, 1766 - Celebration of the repeal of the Stamp Act.
May 28, 1766 - chosen Clerk. He conducts a controversy with
the Governor on the election of Councilors.
June 1766 - Celebration of the repeal of the Stamp Act. Dispute
of the House with the Governor on the indemnification of the sufferers by the
Stamp Act riot.
June 24, 1766 - Adams composes the reply of the House.
October – Dec, 1766 - After much discussion, the House,
influenced by Hawley, grant indemnification.
October 1766 - The House and the Town take into
consideration the misrepresentations of the crown officers.
December 1766 - Dennis Deberdt appointed special agent in
London for the Assembly.
December 1766 -Adams opposes quartering the royal troops on
the Province.
1767
March 16, 1767 - Adams writes the Assembly's letter to
Deberdt on Hutchinson's attempt to force himself into the Council.
March 16, 1767 - The Town of Boston advocates the abolition
of slavery in Massachusetts.
May 1767 - The dispute on quartering the troops reopened by
the arrival of the 14th Foot.
May 27, 1767 - The Legislature meets, and elects Adams Clerk.
It is prorogued, June 25
June 29, 1767 - Townshend’s new scheme of taxation adopted,
 |
| Charles Townshend (29 August 1725 – 4 September 1767) was a British politician. A witty speaker in the British House of Commons, his "champagne speech" was particularly remembered. His last official act was to pass through parliament resolutions for taxing several articles, such as glass, paint, paper and tea, on their importation into America, which he estimated would produce the sum of ₤40,000 for the English treasury known as the Townshend Acts. |
December 30, 1767 - The Legislature meets.
1768
January 13, 1768 - Adams writes to Deberdt the Assembly's
letter, afterwards published in London in "The True Sentiments of America."
Feb 1768 - He writes the Assembly's addresses to the
Ministry, their petition to the King, and a Circular Letter to the other
Provincial Assemblies.
January 21, 1768 - A motion to invite the other Assemblies
to join in the petition to the King is lost .
February 4, 1768 - A similar motion carried, and the
Circular Letter, dated February 11, written by Adams.
February 1768 - The House demand and obtain a letter of
Shelburne to Bernard. — The letter reveals Bernard's misrepresentations.
February 26, 1768 - Resolutions passed for the encouragement
of manufactures in the Province
March 4, 1768 - The Legislature is prorogued.
March 18, 1768 - The anniversary of the repeal of the Stamp
Act celebrated peaceably
April. 1768 - The Privy Council order Bernard to direct the
Assembly to rescind their Circular Letter
.
.
May 25-26, 1768 - The General Court meets. — Hutchinson
again defeated in the election of Councilors
June. 1768 - Troops and a fleet ordered to Boston .
June 10, 1768 - Hancock's sloop Liberty seized by the crown
officers. Indignation of the people. The Collector's boat burnt
 |
| James Otis, Jr. (February 5, 1725 – May 23, 1783) was colonial Massachusetts barrister, a member of the Massachusetts provincial assembly, and an early advocate of the protesting British taxation that led to the American Revolution. |
June 14, 1768 - Meeting of the “Sons of Liberty," who
send an address to the Governor, drawn up by Otis .
June 17, 1768 - John Adams writes the Boston Instructions.
June 30, 1768 - The House refuse to rescind their Circular
Letter. They dispatch a letter to Lord Hillsborough
written by Adams. Adams discusses the
subject in the Assembly's answer to the Governor's message. Otis opposes the
publication of the letter. The Court prorogued
August 1768 - Adams begins to labor for American Independence.
August 15, 1768 - The third anniversary of the Stamp Act
riot celebrated.
September 12, 1768 - A town meeting held to consider the
expected arrival of British troops. Otis, Adams, and Warren draw up resolves. The
citizens adopt a Declaration that they "will not submit," and call
for a convention of delegates from the towns
September 22-27, 1768 - The convention held its proceedings.
Otis's absence
September 27, 1768 - The 14th and 29th regiments arrive. The
14th is allowed by the Sons of Liberty to sleep in Faneuil Hall.
October 1768 - Disputes between the Council and General Gage
in regard to the maintenance of the troops. The soldier’s desert. Adams saves one from the lash.
November 1768 - Debates in Parliament on American affairs.
November – December, 1768 - Difficulties between the troops
and the towns-people.
1769
January 1769 - Evidence to convict the patriots of treason
sought unsuccessfully
January 23, 1769 - The deposition of Richard Sylvester
against Adams.
January-February 1769 - Further debates in Parliament on
American affairs. Eloquence of Burke, Barre", etc.
March 13, 1769 - Public meeting to vindicate the town.
March 18, 1769 - Adams publishes an address "To the
Sons of Liberty."
March 27, 1769 - He defends Dr. Chauncy against the Rev. Mr.
Seabury.
April 4, 1769 - The Town adopts a petition to the King and a
letter to Barre' written by Adams.
April 1769 - Change in the policy of the Ministry towards
the Colonies; the late duties are removed from all articles except tea, but the
right of taxation is still claimed. Bernard is recalled and created Baronet of
Nettleham. Adams comments sarcastically on the promotion.
April 24, 1769 - Adams attacks Gage and Bernard for their
misrepresentations of Boston.
May 5, 1769 - Adams re-elected Representative.
May 31, 1769 - The Legislature meet. Adams re-elected Clerk.
He writes for the House a remonstrance against the presence of the troops.
June 1769 - Discussions between the House and the Governor
concerning the troops, the removal of the Assembly to Cambridge, the payment of
the Governor's salary in advance.
June 27, 1769 - The Assembly present a petition to the King
for Governor Bernard's removal
July 3, 1769 - A resolution of the House denying the power
of Parliament over the Colonies is published in the Boston Gazette, and the
Governor in consequence detains two regiments which were starting for Halifax.
July 7, 1769 - The House modifies its resolution and the
regiments depart.
July 15, 1769 - Adams writes the report of a committee of
the House on the maintenance of the royal troops by the Province. The Legislature
is prorogued.
July 26, 1769 - A meeting of merchants protests against the
tax on tea, and adopts the non-importation agreement of August, 1768.
August 1, 1769 - Bernard sails for England. Popular
rejoicings. Adams's opinion of him. .
Ang. 14, 1769 - Celebration of the Anniversary of the Stamp
Act riot.
September 1, 1769 - Conference of Adams and Otis with the
Commissioners of the Customs
September 4, 1769 - Otis is assaulted by Robinson in
consequence of an attack on the Commissioners in the Gazette.
September 25, 1769 - Adams defends Otis in the Gazette.
October 4, 1769 - A cargo of tea arrives. A town meeting
records the names of four importers as “infamous" and confirms the non-importation
agreement.
October 18, 1769 - The "Appeal
to the World," written by Adams, adopted by the town and sent to
England with a letter, also written by Adams
October 28, 1769 - An informer tarred and feathered. The mob
breaks into the Chronicle office.
November 16, 1769 - Adams writes to Deberdt on the danger to
the British power in America to be apprehended from the French and Spanish.
1770
January 1770 - Debates in Parliament on America. Lord North
becomes Prime Minister.
January 4, 1770 - Hutchinson, under instructions from
Hillsborough, further prorogues the General Court, to meet at Cambridge 294,
295 January8. Adams, in the Gazette, denies the validity of the instructions,
and rebukes the sons of Hutchinson and others who had recommenced the sale of tea.
January 16, 1770 - A meeting of merchants compels Hutchinson
to give up the sale of tea. Adams skillfully prevails on a certain Scotchman to
sign the non-importation agreement.
February, 1770 -Many ladies sign a compact not to drink tea
until the revenue laws are rejected.
February 22, 1770 - In a slight disturbance growing out of
the importation of tea, Richardson, an informer, mortally wounds Christopher
Snyder, who is buried with a public funeral on the 26th.
March 2, 1770 - Affray between the troops and the men of
Gray's ropewalk.
March 5, 1770 - The Massacre in King Street.
March 6, 1770 - The town and county authorities apply to
Hutchinson unsuccessfully for the removal of the troops. — A town meeting send
a committee, headed by Adams, to Hutchinson and the Council, to renew the
demand. —They receive an evasive answer. — Adams reports to the people, who
intrust him with the final issue. — Memorable scene in the Council Chamber. Adams
overawes Hutchinson, and the troops are sent to the Castle. "Sam Adams's
regiments." A volunteer night watch is established
March 5, 1770 - etc. Debates in Parliament on American
affairs. The duty on tea retained
March 8, 1770 - Public funeral of the victims of the
Massacre.
March 1770 -Adams sends an account of the affair to Governor
Pownall in behalf of the Town.
March 15, 1770 - The Legislature is convened at Cambridge. They
protest unsuccessfully against their removal from Boston.
April 23, 1770 - The House remonstrates with the Lieutenant'
Governor concerning various grievances.
April 26, 1770 - Hutchinson dissolves the Assembly, threatening
to lay their remonstrance before the King.
May 8, 1770 - Adams re-elected Representative.
May 11, 1770 - etc. He persuades Hancock not to withdraw
from the Boston delegation.
May 15, 1770 - The Boston members receive instructions from
Josiah Quincy.
May 30, 1770 -The Legislature meet at Cambridge. Adams
elected Clerk. Controversy between the
House and Hutchinson on their removal to Cambridge. The Court prorogued June 25.
August 3, 1770 - The Court, having met July 25, adopt
Adams's reply to Hutchinson's opening address in defense of the removal.
September 10, 1770 - Castle William taken from the keeping
of the Provincial authorities.
September-October 1770 - The Legislature meets September 25.
Controversy with Hutchinson on the surrender of the Castle.—Adams writes
replies for the House and articles in the Gazette on the subject
October - November 1770 -Trial of the soldiers. Adams causes John Adams and Quincy to be
retained as their counsel, and Paine to conduct the prosecution.
October , November 1770 -The opposition to the measures of
Parliament slackens. .
November 1770 -Adams writes the instructions to Franklin.
November 7, 1770 - The first Committee of Correspondence appointed.
November 16, 20, 1770 - The House present to Hutchinson an
address written by Adams, on the surrender of the Castle, and another on the
militia. The General Court is prorogued.
December 27, 1770 - Adams writes to John Wilkes.
1770, 1771. December January - Controversy between
"Vindex" (Adams) and "Philanthrop."
1771.
March. 1771 - Hutchinson appointed Governor, his salary to
be paid by the Crown.
March 5, 1771 - The first Anniversary of the Boston Massacre.
Lovell delivers the oration. Adams on the committee of arrangements for the
next year.
March or April 1771 - Adams writes the reply of the Town to
the letter of Dr. Lucas regarding the Massacre.
April 24, 1771 - Adams writes the reply of the House (which
met on the 3d) to two speeches of the Governor relating to the military
establishment, to his appointment, etc. The Governor objects to the phrase " His
Majesty's Commons," applied to the House.
April 25, 1771 - Adams makes inquiries for the House in
regard to the payment of the Governor's salary by the Crown.
April 26, 1771 - The Assembly is dissolved.
April-June, 1771 - The opposition to government subsides. John
Adams withdraws from public life. Adams re-elected Representative, and, on the
meeting of the Legislature (May 29), again chosen Clerk. Otis is jealous of
Adams, and the Governor tampers with Hancock. They carry the House in
opposition to Adams. Adams prepares a report on the Provincial military, and a
protest against holding the session at Cambridge. With some difficulty he secures the passage of
the latter in the House. Hancock and his
party for a while silenced.
June 27, 1771 - Adams appointed one of a Committee of
Correspondence 406 June 29. Adams drafts a letter of instructions to Franklin.
July 4, 1771 - Hutchinson announces arbitrary instructions
receive from the King.
July 5, 1771 - Adams replies for the Assembly. The Court
prorogued.
August 12, 1771 - Twelve war vessels anchor in the harbor.
September - Oct, 1771 - Adams writes much in the Gazette. He
counsels union of the Colonies and an Assembly of deputies.
1771, 1772.
October –January 1771, 1772 - Adams denies the supreme
authority of Parliament over the Colonies. He maintains an incessant contest
with the crown writers. His celebrity as a political essayist
October –January 1771, 1772 - Political divisions among the patriots.
1772.
March 5, 1772 - Joseph Warren delivers the oration in
commemoration of the Massacre.
April 8, 1772 - etc. - Meeting of the Legislature. Adams
carries the House against Hancock and his party. Bowdoin secures for Adams the co-operation of
the Council.
April 10, 1772 - Adams writes the reply to the Governor's
message respecting the removal of the General Court to Cambridge.
April 20-25, 1772 - Adams is ill. —The Legislature dissolved
on the 25th 468
May 6, 1772 - Adams re-elected Representative against considerable
opposition.
May 27, 1772 - The Legislature meets.—Hancock rejoins the
patriot party.
May 29, 1772 - Adams again remonstrates against keeping the
Assembly at Cambridge, and it is finally adjourned to Boston, June 13.
June, 1772 - Hancock causes Copley to paint the portrait of
Adams and himself.
July, 1772 - Controversy with the Governor on the payment of
his salary by the Crown.
July 14, 1772 - The House reply by the hand of Adams to the
Governor's demand that the Province House should be repaired. The Governor prorogues the General Court with
a fling at Adams .
October 5, 1772 - Adams writes against the payment of the
salaries of Provincial officers by the Crown
October, 1772 - He labors for a general league of the
Massachusetts towns. Cushing, Hancock, and others oppose the measure in vain.
October 28, 1772 - A preliminary town meeting is held to
inaugurate the Confederation.
October 30, 1772 - At the adjourned town meeting the
Governor is petitioned for a session of the Legislature.
November 2, 1772 - The Governor signifies to the meeting his
refusal of the petition. — On the motion of Adams a Committee Of Correspondence
is appointed .
Nov 20, 1772 -- Adams drafts for the Committee the "Eights
of the Colonists "; Joseph Warren, the " Violations of Rights";
and Church, the "Letter of Correspondence to the Towns"
November-December, 1772 - The towns send replies and appoint
Committees of Correspondence .
December, 1772 - Adams is consulted by gentlemen of Rhode
Island in reference to the affair of the Gaspee.
1773.
January 6, 1773 - Hutchinson, alarmed at the progress of the
Committees of Correspondence, convenes the General Court, and delivers a speech
on the supremacy of Parliament, which is thought by many to be unanswerable.
January 22 - 26, 1773 - Adams, chairman of the committee to
reply to Hutchinson, presents his report, which is accepted after some debate,
and is generally considered a complete refutation.
February 12, 1773 - etc. Adams writes a reply to the
Governor on the payment of salaries by the Crown
Mar. 2, 1773 - etc Adams responds to the Governor's reply on
Parliamentary supremacy. Hutchinson soon after replies again, and the whole
controversy is published.
March 5, 1773 - The oration commemorating the Massacre is
delivered by Dr. Church.
March 6, 1773 - The Assembly is prorogued.
March 12, 1773 - Virginia organizes a Continental Committee
of Correspondence.
March 23. Adams reports to a town meeting an elaborate defence
of the legality of the meeting held November 2, 1772, and the right of the
towns to hold such meetings, which had been called in question by the Governor.
March 27, April 10. Adams corresponds with John Dickinson on
Public affairs.
April 9, 12, 1773 - He accepts membership in the Society of
the Bill of Rights.
April, 1773 - He receives his first letter from R. H. Lee,
and replies.
May 6, 1773 - He is re-elected Representative.
May 10, 1773 - Parliament passes an act allowing to the East
India Company a drawback of all import duties on tea exported to America.
May 26, 1773 - The Assembly meets. — Adams is reappointed
Clerk.
May 28, 1773 - The Assembly passes Adams's resolutions
confirming the action of Virginia.
June 2-16, 1773 - The secret letters of Hutchinson,
forwarded from London by Franklin, are read in the House. — They are published
June 29, 1773 - The General Court is prorogued immediately
after passing resolves recommending au impeachment of the judges
June - September, 1773 -In the Gazette and in his
correspondence Adams calls for a Continental Congress, first proposed by him.
September 21, 1773 - The Boston Committee of Correspondence
send to the other towns a circular, written by Adams, advocating an American
Confederacy.
October 9, 1773 - Hutchinson denounces Adams to the Ministry
as the leader of the town of Boston and manager of the Legislature.
October 21, 1773 - Adams composes for the Massachusetts
Committee of Correspondence a letter to the other Colonies similar to that sent
to the towns.
November, 1773 -The patriots attempt to force the agents of
the East India Company to resign. — Several town meetings are held.
November 23, 1773 - Adams drafts a circular letter to the
towns, asking their co-operation.
November 28, 1773 - The Dartmouth arrives with the tea.
November 29, 1773 - At a town meeting it is resolved, on
motion of Adams that the tea shall be sent back to England. — The Dartmouth is
guarded.
November 30, 1773 - The Governor in vain requires a meeting
to disperse. The consignees of the tea avoid any concession.
December 1-15, 1773 - The consignees will do nothing, and
the Collector refuses repeated applications for a clearance for the ships.
December 16, 1773 - All efforts to induce the Governor to
yield having failed, dams gives the signal for the Boston Tea-party
December 24, 1773 - The members of the Committee sign a
pledge of mutual defense.
1774
February 5, 1774 - Adams defends the Committees against
the Governor's opening address of January26 131, 132 February 11,
etc. The Assembly, led by Adams, impeach Chief Justice Oliver.
March 5, 1774 - Anniversary of the Massacre. Hancock delivers the oration, probably composed
by Adams .
March 8, 1774 -The Assembly is prorogued.
March, 1774 - Adams drafts a letter to the other Provinces
on the grievances of Massachusetts, and (on the 28th) a letter of instructions
to Franklin.
March 25, 1774 - Adams consulted in regard to the
disturbances at Marblehead. — He urges the Marblehead Committee of Correspondence
not to resign.
March, April, 1774 - On receiving the news of the
destruction of the tea, Parliament passes an act closing the port of Boston,
another entirely changing the Constitution of Massachusetts, and a third authorizing
the Governor to send persons to England for trial in certain cases. General
Gage is appointed Governor.
April, 1774 - An engraving by Paul Revere of Copley's
portrait of Adams appears in the Royal American Magazine.
April 4, 1774 - In a letter to Arthur Lee, Adams predicts
the independence and future greatness of America.
May 10, 1774 - News of the Port Bill received in Boston. Adams
reelected Representative.
May 12, 1774 - Convention of the Committees of
Correspondence of eight towns to consider the late acts of Parliament. They
scorn to procure the repeal of the Port Act by paying for the tea destroyed. Adams
prepares a letter to the Committees of other Colonies, asking for a concert of
action. Its extraordinary effect.
May 13, 1774 - Adams presides at a town meeting to consider
the Port Act. A Continental. Non-Importation League proposed. He drafts an
appeal to the several Assemblies.
May 17, 1774 - General Gago arrives and assumes command of
the Province.
May 30, 1774 - Adams chosen chairman of the Donation
Committee.
June 1, 1774 - Hutchinson sails for England, having received
an adulatory address from the Tories.
June 1, 1774 - The Legislature, which met at Boston, May 26,
is removed to Salem. The Port Act goes into operation.
June 5, 1774 - etc. The “Solemn League and Covenant"
not to consume imported goods is very generally signed.
June 7, 1774 - Intrepidity of Adams at the opening of the
General Court at Salem.
June 17, 1774 - After cautious preparation of the
Representatives, Adams moves resolutions appointing five delegates to a Continental
Congress at Philadelphia. — The Governor sends his secretary to dissolve the
Assembly, but Adams has locked the door and taken the key. After choosing John
and Samuel Adams, Bowdoin, Cushing, and Paine delegates, voting money for their
payment, and ordering circulars to be sent to the other Assemblies, the House
allows itself to be dissolved.
June 17, 1774 - A Boston town meeting refuses to pay for the
tea.
June 27, 28, 1774 - The Tories move in a town meeting that
the Committee of Correspondence be censured and annihilated. — Adams
triumphantly defends that body and also the Solemn League and Covenant, which
had been attacked in Draper's Gazette, and censured by the Governor.
July, 1774 - The arrest of Adams and other patriots is feared.
July, 1774 - Ineffectual attempt of the Government to
corrupt Adams.
July 7, 1774 -Adams defends the Committee in the
Massachusetts Spy.
August, 1774 - Be writes the replies of the Donation
Committee to various towns.
August, 1774 - He plans measures to be pursued during his
absence in Congress, and suggests to Dr. Warren the Suffolk County Convention.
August, 1774 - He receives a complete suit of clothing from
some unknown friends.
August 10-29, 1774 - He journeys to the Congress at
Philadelphia.
September 5-7, 1774 - Congress meets at Philadelphia. Adams's
conciliatory influence. He proposes that Duche", an Episcopalian, should
read prayers to the Congress.
September, 1774 - Massachusetts pursues the policy laid down
by Adams. The Suffolk County Convention meet on the 6th, and pass Joseph
Warren's bold resolutions on the 9th. Their effect.
September 21, 1774 - Adams re-elected Representative.
September, 1774 - He defeats Galloway's plan of
accommodation with England.
September - October, 1774 - He perhaps assists in drafting
the Declaration of Rights
October 26, 1774 - Congress dissolves and Adams returns to
Boston.
November 23, 1774 - The Provincial Congress meets. Adams
joins it and urges active measures.
December 30, 1774 - He drafts a letter setting forth the
grievances of Boston, in reply to General Gage.
1775.
January 1775 - The ministerial policy prevails in Parliament
in opposition to Chatham, the petitions of the General Congress are rejected,
and Massachusetts declared to be in a state of rebellion.
February 1, 1775 - The Second Provincial Congress convened
at Cambridge. Its character. Adams writes replies to donors for the Donation
Committee.
February, 1775 - Ministerial plans to seize the leaders of
the Colonists.
February 15, 1775 - A committee of which Adams is a
member warns the militia to be ready for service.
February 21, 1775 - etc. He and Warren dispatch a
secret agent to Canada with a letter, written by Adams, to the friends of
liberty. The Montreal Committee reply. Adams
is engaged on various committees.
March 5, 1775 - Joseph Warren delivers the annual oration,
Adams presiding.
March 22, 1775 - The Provincial Congress, adjourned since February 16,
meet at Concord, and Adams drafts a letter to the Mohawks.
Apr. 8, 1775 - etc. The Committee on the State of the
Province propose an armed confederation of the New England Colonies for mutual defense. Deputies sent to Rhode Island, Connecticut,
and New Hampshire. The alliance formed.
Apr. 18 & 19, 1775 - Expedition of the British to seize
Adams and Hancock at Lexington, and to destroy military stores at Concord. Battle of Lexington.
Apr. 19-May 10, 1775 - Adams and Hancock set out for
Philadelphia to attend the second Continental Congress. They are everywhere received with great
honor. Secret meeting with Governor Trumbull at Hartford. Consultation with the New York Committee of
Safety.
May 10, 1775 - etc. Congress meets. Adams desires an immediate Declaration of
Independence, but finds that Congress is not prepared for it. Another petition to the King voted.
June 12, 1775 - Gage offers pardon to all who will lay down
their arms, except Adams and Hancock.
June 15, 1775 - On the nomination of John and Samuel Adams,
Washington is elected Commander-in-Chief, to the great disappointment of
Hancock.
June 17, 1775 - Battle of Bunker Hill. Death of Warren,
Adams's dearest friend.
June 23, 1775 -Washington goes to Cambridge to assume
command of the Continental army, with letters of introduction to the
Massachusetts leaders from Adams.
August 1-11, 1775 - Congress adjourns. Adams carries funds
for the army to General Washington.
August 15, 1775 - etc. Adams joins the Council, is elected
Secretary of State, and is chairman of a new Donation Committee. His son enters the army as a surgeon.
September 13, 1775 - etc. The Continental Congress
meets. Adams serves on many committees,
chiefly those concerned with the conduct of the war. He advises that each State
should institute its own system of government preparatory to a general confederation.
October, 1775 - He urges the building of an American navy.
October, 1775 - The King refuses to notice the petition of
Congress
1776
January, 1776 - Adams endeavors to procure the liberation of
James Lovell, a, prisoner in the hands of General Gage.
January, 1776 - Wilson and a strong party in Congress
disavow independence and carry their point despite Adams's efforts.
January, 1776 - He confers with Franklin on a separate
Confederacy of such States as are inclined to independence, and proposes to try
it with New England Alone if necessary. Franklin assents.
January2, Mar. 14, 1776 - He advocates disarming the Tories,
and meeting British outrages with retaliation.
January 16, 1776 - etc. Adams favors the enlistment of free
negroes. He is actively engaged in forwarding military operations in the North.
January19, 1776 - Adams re-elected a delegate to Congress.
February 1776 - Movement in Congress to open the ports to
free trade.
February 1776 - Adams supports Washington in the demand for
long enlistments.
February 3, 1776 - etc He publishes addresses to the
people of Pennsylvania and to the people in general in reply to the testimony
of the Quakers in favor of submission.
February 12, 1776 - He publishes an earnest Appeal to
the People, on Lord North's second plan of conciliation.
March, 1776 - Hancock
sides with the Southern Loyalists and breaks with the bolder delegates.
March 17, 1776 - The British evacuate Boston. They have made Adams's house uninhabitable.
Mar., Apr. , 1776 - Adams is impatient at the delay in proclaiming
independence.
April 6, 1776 - Congress abolishes British custom-houses and
opens the ports to free trade.
May 10, 1776 - Adams supports the resolutions recommending
the different Colonies to establish governments independent of Great Britain.
Jane 5-10, 1776 – Richard Henry Lee introduces resolutions
declaring the Colonies Free and Independent States. A vigorous de bate ensues, in which Adams
probably takes part. The question is postponed for three weeks.
June 12, 1776 - Adams is the representative of Massachusetts
in a committee of one member from each Colony appointed to digest the form of a
confederation. They report.
June 10-July 1, 1776 - He wins over members to the party of
independence.
July 1-2, 1776 - After lively debate Lee's resolutions are
passed.
July 2-4, 1776 - The Declaration of Independence
is discussed and adopted.
Jury 15-29, 1776 - Adams is perhaps concerned in the
preparation of the Constitution of Pennsylvania.
August 1, 1776 - An oration, falsely purporting to have been
delivered by Adams on this day at Philadelphia, is published in London in the
autumn.
August 12-October 24, 1776 - After a short visit home,
during which he has an interview with General Washington at New York, stays a
few days with his family at Dedham, and resumes his office of Secretary of
State, Adams returns to Congress.
November - December, 1776 - The campaign in New Jersey is
disastrous to the Continentals, Philadelphia is threatened by Cornwallis, and Congress
removes to Baltimore. Adams undismayed
in the general gloom.
December 1776 - He is chairman of the Committee on the State
of the Northern Army, and a member of the Committee on the State of
Washington's Army and the Committee to obtain Foreign Aid. He recommends investing Washington with dictatorial
powers.
1777
January-February, 1777 - Adams is ill from over-work.
January 15, 1777 - He prepares instructions for Allen, an
agent among the Nova Scotia Indians.
January 1777 - etc. He is a member of the Board of War, and
chairman of numerous committees.
July, Aug., 1777 - After the surrender of Ticonderoga, Adams
advocates the substitution of Gates for Schuyler as commander of the Northern
Department.
September- October, 1777 - Washington is defeated at
Brandywine. Congress adjourns to
Yorktown, and Howe occupies Philadelphia. Congress is reduced to twenty
members. Adams encourages his despondent friends.
October-November 1777 - Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga. France
forms a treaty with the United States, and Great Britain appoints peace
commissioners.
November 11, 1777 - Samuel and John Adams leave Yorktown and
arrive at Boston, December 4, 1777
November I4, 1777 - The Articles of Confederation, long
debated in Congress, are agreed to
1777, 1778 December-January - A cabal in Congress endeavors
to remove Washington from the chief command. — Hancock spreads the report that
Adams is engaged in it.
1778
January1778 - Adams gives Baron Steuben recommendatory
letters to members of Congress .
February 1778 - He declines to see General Burgoyne in
regard to the delay in carrying out the Saratoga convention of surrender.
February - Apr., 1778 - A treaty made with France. The news
joyfully received in America
April-October, 1778 - The Commissioners of the British Court
vainly endeavor to induce the Americana to submit
May 21, 1778 - Adams resumes his seat in Congress. He is
made chairman of the Marine Committee. May, June. The opposition to Adams and
his friends gains ground in Massachusetts.
June, 1778 - Adams, in an address directed to the
Commissioners, ex poses the unreasonableness of their demands.
July, 1778 - It is proposed, perhaps by the British
Ministry, to make Franklin, Washington, Adams, Hancock, and others peers, if
America will submit to the King.
July 8, 1778 - The French fleet arrives under Admiral
D'Estaing.
August 5, 1778 - Reception of the French Minister by Congress. Adams has charge of the arrangements.
August - October, 1778 - The combined American and French
expedition against Rhode Island fails. Adams
endeavors to silence the popular outcry against D'Estaing.
October, 1778 - The Commissioners issue a threatening
manifesto. Adams writes a counter manifesto,
which is published by Congress.
October, 1778 - etc. He opposes the return of the refugees,
and advocates the confiscation of their estates.
October - December, 1778 - The cabal against Adams
continues. A friend in Boston attempts to reconcile him and Hancock.
Nov., Dec, 1778 - Adams is re-elected delegate to Congress. He
wishes to decline the service.
1779.
June 20, 1779 - etc. Adams returns to Boston and resumes his
duties as Secretary of State and member of the Board of War.
July, 1779 - He urges forward troops in aid of Rhode Island
and Connecticut.
August, 1779 - He visits Providence and obtains additional
troops for the expedition to Penobscot; but the expedition is unsuccessful.
August, 1779 - He is elected representative from Boston to
the State Constitutional Convention.
September 9, 1779 - He becomes member of the Council. The
town votes not to fill his scat in the House.
September 1, 1779 - etc. The Convention meets at Cambridge. It
continues with adjournments till June, 1780. Samuel Adams, John Adams, and Bowdoin
draft a Constitution.
1780.
January 5, 1780 - Adams writes to the Governor of Rhode
Island opposing the return of the refugees.
February 1780 - He prepares the address of the Convention,
explaining the Constitution to their constituents.
February 1780 - Committees of Correspondence organized in
England and Ireland.
May 4, 1780 - Adams is one of the incorporators of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
May, 1780 - He is elected Councilor, but declines the honor.
June, 1780 - He sets out for Philadelphia with Gerry. They
procure reinforcements for the Highlands, which are threatened by the British,
and resume their seats in Congress on the 29th.
June, 1780 - etc. Adams favors enlistments for the war,
opposes the grant of half-pay for life to the officers, and urges forward
supplies to Washington's suffering army.
October, 1780 - Neglect of Adams in his native State. He is defeated as candidate for Secretary of
State.
1781.
January- Mar., 1781 - Adams opposes the creation of
Secretaries of War, Finance, and Foreign Relations, with separate departments.
February 24, 1781 - The ratification of the Articles of
Confederation is announced.
April, 1781 - He takes final leave of Congress, and returns
to honorable poverty at Boston. Marriage of his daughter . 135-138 October Cornwallis
surrenders at Yorktown.
Nov., 1781 - Adams writes an answer to Governor Chittenden
on the claims of Massachusetts to the New Hampshire grants.
1782.
January 1782 - He attempts to counteract the extravagance
and dissipation in Boston.
February 20, 1782 - He declines a seat in Congress, but
becomes again President of the Massachusetts Senate.
March, 1782 - etc. He urges the importance of stipulating
for a right to the Newfoundland fisheries in the negotiations with Great Britain.
June - July, 1782 - Riots in the interior headed by Ely. Adams
and Ward visit Hampshire County and restore order.
July 4, 1782 - Adams draws up resolutions expressive of the
determination of Massachusetts to continue the war until American independence
is fully recognized.
July - October, 1782 - Adams chairman of a financial
committee, and deputed with Gorham to facilitate the collection of the Continental
tax in Massachusetts.
Aug., September, 1782 - He opposes illicit trade with the
enemy.
December, 1782 - After the declaration of peace the French
army sets sail from Boston.
1783.
April, 1783 - He is defeated as candidate for Governor, but
is reelected Senator.
April, 1783 - etc. He opposes restoring the rights of
citizenship to the refugees.
July - September, 1783 - He supports the Continental Impost
Bill.
1784.
April, 1784 - He disapproves of the Order of the Cincinnati.
April, 1784 - Although not liking the commutation of
half-pay for life into five years' full pay, he sustains the authority of
Congress.
April, 1784 - He is re-elected to the Senate, and again
chosen President.
November, 1784 - He is chosen delegate to Congress, but
declines the honor. He uses his influence in favor of some disabled soldiers
and sailors.
1785. He holds no public office this year.
1786.
April, May, 1786 - He is re-elected to the Senate. He
declines a seat in the Council 220, 221
September - December, 1786 - During Shays' rebellion Adams
attends the meetings of the Council. He supports Governor Bowdoin's vigorous
measures.
1787.
February 3-5, 1787 - He writes the Senate's declaration
of rebellion, and their reply to the propositions of the rebels, and introduces
a resolution asking the assistance of Congress.
April, 1787 - He is again chosen President of the Council,
and after reconciliation, with Hancock; he becomes one of his Councilors.
May 19, 1787 - Two of the four cannon owned by Massachusetts
at the commencement of the Revolution are named after Adams and Hancock by
Congress. He advocates the execution of
the rebel prisoners.
1788.
January 9 - February 6, 1788 - The Convention to ratify the
Constitution of the United States meets. Adams is a delegate from Boston. He
prevents a hasty rejection of the Constitution. He is anxious for the
preservation of the individual State sovereignties, and advocates the Conciliatory
Propositions. He proposes additional amendments, which are not accepted. The
Constitution is ratified by a small majority.
January 17, 1788 - His son, Dr. Samuel Adams, dies at the
age of thirty-seven.
December 1788 - Adams is candidate for Representative to
Congress, but Fisher Ames is elected.
1789-92. Adams is
lieutenant-Governor
1790.
January, 1790 - He discountenances theatrical exhibitions.
September 12-November 20, 1790 - He corresponds with John
Adams on government. The correspondence is published in 1802.
1793.
October, 1793 - He takes a deep interest in the French
republic and writes encouragingly to Genet.
October 8, 1793 - etc. In consequence of the death of
Hancock, Adams assumes the duties of Governor.
1794.
He is chosen to succeed Hancock. He advocates neutrality in
the wars of Europe.
1795.
July 4, 1795 -- He is re-elected Governor, and lays the
corner-stone of the new State House.
1796.
He opposes Jay's treaty. He is re-elected Governor. He
disagrees with the Senate concerning vacancies in the Electoral College. He is
fifth on the list of candidates for the Presidency.
1797.
He retires from public life.
1801.
Correspondence between Jefferson and Adams.
Nov., 1801 - He writes a letter to Thomas Paine, praising
his "Common Sense" and his “Crisis," but dissuading him from
farther theological writings. The letter is published, with Paine's reply.
1803. Death of Samuel
Adams.
October 6, 1803 - "With some difficulty his friends
procure a proper escort for his funeral.
October 9, 1803 – A funeral sermon is preached at Dedham by
Thomas Thacher.
October 19, 1803 - His death is appropriately noticed in
Congress by John Randolph.
1804.
January1804 - The Massachusetts Senate grudgingly pass
resolutions in his honor.
The Congressional Evolution of the United States of America
Continental Congress of the United Colonies Presidents
Continental Congress of the United States Presidents
July 2, 1776 to February 28, 1781
202-239-1774 | Office
202-239-0037 | FAX
Dr. Naomi and Stanley Yavneh Klos, Principals
The Congressional Evolution of the United States of America
Continental Congress of the United Colonies Presidents
Sept. 5, 1774 to July 1, 1776
September 5, 1774
|
October 22, 1774
| |
October 22, 1774
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October 26, 1774
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May 20, 1775
|
May 24, 1775
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May 25, 1775
|
July 1, 1776
|
Commander-in-Chief United Colonies & States of America
George Washington: June 15, 1775 - December 23, 1783
Continental Congress of the United States Presidents
July 2, 1776 to February 28, 1781
July 2, 1776
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October 29, 1777
| |
November 1, 1777
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December 9, 1778
| |
December 10, 1778
|
September 28, 1779
| |
September 29, 1779
|
February 28, 1781
|
Presidents of the United States in Congress Assembled
March 1, 1781 to March 3, 1789
March 1, 1781 to March 3, 1789
March 1, 1781
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July 6, 1781
| |
July 10, 1781
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Declined Office
| |
July 10, 1781
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November 4, 1781
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November 5, 1781
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November 3, 1782
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November 4, 1782
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November 2, 1783
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November 3, 1783
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June 3, 1784
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November 30, 1784
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November 22, 1785
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November 23, 1785
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June 5, 1786
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June 6, 1786
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February 1, 1787
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February 2, 1787
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January 21, 1788
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January 22, 1788
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January 21, 1789
|
Presidents of the United States of America
D-Democratic Party, F-Federalist Party, I-Independent, R-Republican Party, R* Republican Party of Jefferson & W-Whig Party
(1789-1797)
|
(1933-1945)
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(1865-1869)
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(1797-1801)
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(1945-1953)
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(1869-1877)
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(1801-1809)
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(1953-1961)
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(1877-1881)
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(1809-1817)
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(1961-1963)
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(1881 - 1881)
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(1817-1825)
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(1963-1969)
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(1881-1885)
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(1825-1829)
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(1969-1974)
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(1885-1889)
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(1829-1837)
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(1973-1974)
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(1889-1893)
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(1837-1841)
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(1977-1981)
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(1893-1897)
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(1841-1841)
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(1981-1989)
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(1897-1901)
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(1841-1845)
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(1989-1993)
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(1901-1909)
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(1845-1849)
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(1993-2001)
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(1909-1913)
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(1849-1850)
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(2001-2009)
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(1913-1921)
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(1850-1853)
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(2009-2017)
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(1921-1923)
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(1853-1857)
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(20017-Present)
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(1923-1929)
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*Confederate States of America
| |
(1857-1861)
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(1929-1933)
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(1861-1865)
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United Colonies Continental Congress
|
President
|
18th Century Term
|
Age
|
Elizabeth "Betty" Harrison Randolph (1745-1783)
|
09/05/74 – 10/22/74
|
29
| |
Mary Williams Middleton (1741- 1761) Deceased
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Henry Middleton
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10/22–26/74
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n/a
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Elizabeth "Betty" Harrison Randolph (1745–1783)
|
05/20/ 75 - 05/24/75
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30
| |
Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott (1747-1830)
|
05/25/75 – 07/01/76
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28
| |
United States Continental Congress
|
President
|
Term
|
Age
|
Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott (1747-1830)
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07/02/76 – 10/29/77
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29
| |
Eleanor Ball Laurens (1731- 1770) Deceased
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Henry Laurens
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11/01/77 – 12/09/78
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n/a
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Sarah Livingston Jay (1756-1802)
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12/ 10/78 – 09/28/78
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21
| |
Martha Huntington (1738/39–1794)
|
09/29/79 – 02/28/81
|
41
| |
United States in Congress Assembled
|
President
|
Term
|
Age
|
Martha Huntington (1738/39–1794)
|
03/01/81 – 07/06/81
|
42
| |
Sarah Armitage McKean (1756-1820)
|
07/10/81 – 11/04/81
|
25
| |
Jane Contee Hanson (1726-1812)
|
11/05/81 - 11/03/82
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55
| |
Hannah Stockton Boudinot (1736-1808)
|
11/03/82 - 11/02/83
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46
| |
Sarah Morris Mifflin (1747-1790)
|
11/03/83 - 11/02/84
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36
| |
Anne Gaskins Pinkard Lee (1738-1796)
|
11/20/84 - 11/19/85
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46
| |
Dorothy Quincy Hancock Scott (1747-1830)
|
11/23/85 – 06/06/86
|
38
| |
Rebecca Call Gorham (1744-1812)
|
06/06/86 - 02/01/87
|
42
| |
Phoebe Bayard St. Clair (1743-1818)
|
02/02/87 - 01/21/88
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43
| |
Christina Stuart Griffin (1751-1807)
|
01/22/88 - 01/29/89
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36
|
Constitution of 1787
First Ladies |
President
|
Term
|
Age
|
April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797
|
57
| ||
March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801
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52
| ||
Martha Wayles Jefferson Deceased
|
September 6, 1782 (Aged 33)
|
n/a
| |
March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817
|
40
| ||
March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825
|
48
| ||
March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829
|
50
| ||
December 22, 1828 (aged 61)
|
n/a
| ||
February 5, 1819 (aged 35)
|
n/a
| ||
March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841
|
65
| ||
April 4, 1841 – September 10, 1842
|
50
| ||
June 26, 1844 – March 4, 1845
|
23
| ||
March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849
|
41
| ||
March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850
|
60
| ||
July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853
|
52
| ||
March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857
|
46
| ||
n/a
|
n/a
| ||
March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
|
42
| ||
February 22, 1862 – May 10, 1865
| |||
April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869
|
54
| ||
March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877
|
43
| ||
March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881
|
45
| ||
March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881
|
48
| ||
January 12, 1880 (Aged 43)
|
n/a
| ||
June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889
|
21
| ||
March 4, 1889 – October 25, 1892
|
56
| ||
June 2, 1886 – March 4, 1889
|
28
| ||
March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901
|
49
| ||
September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909
|
40
| ||
March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913
|
47
| ||
March 4, 1913 – August 6, 1914
|
52
| ||
December 18, 1915 – March 4, 1921
|
43
| ||
March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923
|
60
| ||
August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929
|
44
| ||
March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933
|
54
| ||
March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945
|
48
| ||
April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953
|
60
| ||
January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961
|
56
| ||
January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963
|
31
| ||
November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969
|
50
| ||
January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974
|
56
| ||
August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977
|
56
| ||
January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981
|
49
| ||
January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
|
59
| ||
January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993
|
63
| ||
January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001
|
45
| ||
January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009
|
54
| ||
January 20, 2009 to date
|
45
|
Capitals of the United Colonies and States of America
Philadelphia
|
Sept. 5, 1774 to Oct. 24, 1774
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Philadelphia
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May 10, 1775 to Dec. 12, 1776
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Baltimore
|
Dec. 20, 1776 to Feb. 27, 1777
| |
Philadelphia
|
March 4, 1777 to Sept. 18, 1777
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Lancaster
|
September 27, 1777
| |
York
|
Sept. 30, 1777 to June 27, 1778
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Philadelphia
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July 2, 1778 to June 21, 1783
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Princeton
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June 30, 1783 to Nov. 4, 1783
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Annapolis
|
Nov. 26, 1783 to Aug. 19, 1784
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Trenton
|
Nov. 1, 1784 to Dec. 24, 1784
| |
New York City
|
Jan. 11, 1785 to Nov. 13, 1788
| |
New York City
|
October 6, 1788 to March 3,1789
| |
New York City
|
March 3,1789 to August 12, 1790
| |
Philadelphia
|
Dec. 6,1790 to May 14, 1800
| |
Washington DC
|
November 17,1800 to Present
|
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The United Colonies of North America Continental Congress Presidents (1774-1776)
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The United States of America in Congress Assembled Presidents (1781-1789)
The United States of America Presidents and Commanders-in-Chiefs (1789-Present)
The United States of America Continental Congress Presidents (1776-1781)
The United States of America in Congress Assembled Presidents (1781-1789)
The United States of America Presidents and Commanders-in-Chiefs (1789-Present)
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